Something that I hope will help with trying to decipher the complexity (and sometimes absurdity) that promulgates Former Soviet Union/Russian weapon designation systems:
Industrial Index Numbers
These use a combined number/letter/number pattern that are fairly commonly seen.
First digit:
2 - weapons systems that incorporate fire control systems and missiles
3 - early tactical missiles
4 - naval missiles
5 - strategic missiles of the PVO
8 - strategic ballistic missiles
9 - tactical missiles used by ground forces (replacing the use of '3' as noted above)
Second letter:
K - missile system, including the missile itself, launcher and fire control system
M - missile
V - missile
A - launcher vehicle with radar
P - basic launcher
N - warhead
S - major electronic component
In the 1980s the Ground Forces adopted a three digit system, as follows:
9M1xx - anti-tank missiles
9M2xx - unguided rockets
9M3xx - surface to air missiles
9M7xx - tactical ballistic missiles
Variants are often identified by suffixes, commonly appearing as:
M - first modification
M1 - second modification
E - export
Designation Patterns
Air to air missiles (AAMs):
K - whole weapon system (kompleks)
R - missile (raketa)
T - infra-red guidance (as a suffix)
R - radar guidance (as a suffix)
Tactical air to surface missiles (ASMs):
Kh - a missile that has entered operational service
R - radio command guidance (as a suffix)
T - electro-optical guidance (as a suffix)
P - passive or anti-radation homing (as a suffix)
L - semi-active laser homing (as a suffix)
Surface to air missiles (SAMs):
S - strategic (strategicheskiy), usually named after rivers
V - tactical (voyska), often named after geometric shapes or pointed objects
Ballistic missiles:
RS - strategic missile (raketa strategicheskiy), suffix for most ICBMs
T - solid (tyardiy), suffix for early solid fuel missiles
OTR - a phony designation for tactical ballistic missiles eliminated under INF Treaty
Naval surface to surface missiles (SSMs):
P - tactical antiship missiles
xx-R - ASW missiles
D-xx - secret designation for SLBMs under development
R-xx - designation for deployed SLBMs (also 4Kxx)
RSM-xx - designation used during SALT treaty negotiations
Missile Design Bureaux (and their areas of expertise):
Almaz NPO (previously SB-1 and KB-1) - missile guidance, especially air defense
Antey NPO - tactical SAMs
Bisnovat (previously OKB-4, renamed Molniya) - cruise missiles and spacecraft
Chelomey (OKB-52, renamed NPO-Mashinostroyenie) - satellites and naval missiles
Fakel MKB (previously Grushin or OKB-2) - air defense missiles
KBP - aircraft cannon, anti-tank missiles, low altitude SAMs
Korolev (OKB-1, renamed NPO Energia) - ballistic missiles and spacecraft
Lavochkin (OKB-577, renamed Babakin Research Institute) - strategic SAMs and cruise missiles, spacecraft
Makeyev - SLBMs
Mikoyan (OKB-155, now part of Raduga) - AAMs, cruise missiles
Nadiradze (now NPO Soyuz and NII Teplotekhnik) - solid fuel ICBMs
Nepobidimy (sometimes called KB Mashinostroyenie) - MANPADS, anti-tank missiles, tactical ballistic missiles
NIIP (NII Priborostroyeniya) - radars, tactical SAMs
Novator NPO - anti-aircraft guns, SAMs, cruise missiles, ASW missiles
Nudelman (OKB-16) - aircraft cannon, anti-tank missiles, low altitude SAMs
Raduga (previously part of Mikoyan OKB-155) - cruise missiles, ASMs
Toropov (OKB-134, absorbed by Vympel) - aircraft armament, AAMs, SAMs
Vympel GosMKB (OKB-134, now part of Spetsveshtekhnika consortium along with Zvezda) - AAMs
Yangel (SKB-586, renamed NPO Yuzhmash) - ICBMs
Zvezda - tactical ASMs
Ref: Russian Missile Designations, Steven Zaloga, 1994.